Concept of Operating system

 Operating System:-

Computer - Operating System 
  • The operating system is a program with the following features:-
  • Ab operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the software and the computer hardware.
  • It is an integrated set of specialized program used to manage overall resources and operations of the computer.
  • It is a specialized software that controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the computer including application programs and other system software.
  • As the name suggests,an operating system is a type of software without which you cannot operate or run a computer.It acts as an intermediary or translation system between computer hardware and application programs installed on the computer.In other words,you cannot directly use computer programs with computer hardware without having a medium to establish a connection between them.
  • Besides,this it  is also an intermediary between the computer user and the computer hardware as it provides a standard user interface that you see on your computer screen after you switch on your computer.For example,the windows and the macos are also operating systems that provides a graphical interface with icons and pictures to enables users to access multiple files and application simultaneously.
  • So, although the operating system is itself a program or software,it allows users to run other programs or application on the system.we can say that is works behinds the scenes to run your computer.
Objectives of operating system:-

The objectives of the operating system are -

  1. To make the computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner.
  2. To hide the details of the hardware resources form the users.
  3. To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer system.
  4. To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users, making it easier for the users to access and use other resources.
  5. To manage the resources of a computer system.
  6. To keep track of who is using which resources,granting resource request,and mediating conflicting requests form different programs and users.
  7. To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and programs.
Characteristics of operating system :-
  1. Memory management:- keeps track of the primary memory,i.e.,what part of it is in use by whom,what part is not in use,etc.and allocates the memory when a process or program requests it.
  2. Processor management:- allocates the processor (CPU) to a process and deallocates the processor when it is not longer required.
  3. Device management:- keeps track of all the devices.This is also called I/O controller that decides which process gets the device,when,and for how much.
  4. File management:- allocates and deallocates the resources and decides who gets the resources.
  5. Security:- prevents unauthorized access to programs and data by means of and other similar techniques.
  6. Job accounting:- keeps track of time and resources used by various job and users.
  7. Controls over system performance:- Records delays between request for a service and form the system.
  • High level language are close to human language and far from the machine.
  • These language consists of symbols and a few punctuation characters.
  • C/C++,Java, python are high level languages.
  • Low level language provide the programmer with a high degree of control but they required a detailed knowledge of the hardware to be used.
  • Low level language is close to computer language and far from human language.
  • Assembly language and machine language are two type of low level language.
A compiler is a software program that transforms high level source code that is written by a developer in a high-level programming language,into a low level object code(binary code) in machine language,which can understood by the processor.The process of converting high level programming into machine language is known as compilation.
It is a system software & translator.
All programs are changed at one time by machine code.

An interpreter is a computer program that is used to directly execute program instructions written using one of the many high level programming language.
The interpreter transforms the high-level program into an intermediate language that then executes,or it could parse the high-level source code and then performs the commands directly,which is done line by line or statement by statement.

Computer can understood only the numeric values.but,it is not always certain that all the inputs are given in numeric form.so,there was a need for an encoding system which could convert the text field into numeric values.For this ASCII (pronounced as asked was developed.(American Standard Code For Information Interchange ASCII) is an encoding approach, which is a code for representing 128 characters in english into seven bit integers.95 out of 128 characters are printable which include digits form 0 to 9 lowercase and uppercase letters from a to z and the punctuation symbols.ASCII is used in electronic communication.

 

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